ABSTRACT OBJECTIVES: To determine knowledge and attitudes about Zika in pregnant women from southern Lima. METHOD: Cross-sectional analytical study. Pregnant women were included who attended the Maternal and Child Health center in Villa María del Triunfo during October 2017. RESULTS: 97 pregnant women participated, the average age was 28.23 ± 7.9. The largest age group was 16-28 years (54.6%). When categorizing the level of knowledge, we appreciate that most had good knowledge about the disease (78.4%) and all had positive attitudes. Pregnant women with a higher educational level had a better knowledge of the disease (p <0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The knowledge and attitudes of the pregnant women about Zika were generally good.

RESUMEN OBJETIVOS: determinar el conocimiento y las actitudes sobre el Zika en gestantes del sur de Lima MÉTODO: Estudio transversal analítico. Se incluyeron gestantes que acudieron al establecimiento de Salud Materno Infantil de Villa María del Triunfo durante octubre del 2017. RESULTADOS: Participaron 97 gestantes, la edad promedio fue de 28,23±7,9. El mayor grupo de edad fue de 16-28 años (54,6%). Al realizar la categorización del nivel de conocimientos, apreciamos que la mayoría tuvo conocimientos buenos sobre la enfermedad (78,4%) y todas tuvieron actitudes positivas. Las gestantes con mayor nivel educativo tuvieron un mejor conocimiento de la enfermedad (p<0,001) CONCLUSIONES: El conocimiento y las actitudes de las gestantes sobre el zika, fueron por lo general buenos.

Assessing the neural development is a basic activity in child health services. The tests that assess the neural development in children are divided in two groups: screening tests and diagnostic or assessment tests. Screening tests were designed for identifying children at risk, and they are used in a first-step fashion in order to recommend further testing. Afterwards, diagnostic tests are used, which are administered by specialists in this field. Once the child at risk for retardation in his/her neural development is identified, it is necessary that he/she may be enrolled in an intervention program, especially before three years of age. Prevention of such cases and timely therapy and recovery of children at risk will contribute to reduce poverty and inequity, since these children may acquire abilities and skills that will ensure adequate quality of life for them and their families, also contributing with the economy and development of this country

La evaluación del neurodesarrollo es una actividad básica en los servicios de atención del niño. Las pruebas que evalúan el neurodesarrollo infantil se dividen en dos grupos, las de detección o tamizaje y las de diagnóstico o evaluación. Las de detección fueron diseñadas para identificar a los niños en riesgo, utilizándose en una primera etapa para recomendar una futura evaluación. Posteriormente se utilizan las pruebas de diagnóstico que son aplicadas con mayor detalle por especialistas en el área. Una vez identificado el niño en riesgo de retraso es necesario que sea incluido oportunamente en un programa de intervención, principalmente antes de los 3 años. La prevención de un posible retraso y la recuperación de los niños en riesgo contribuirán a la reducción de la pobreza y la inequidad, ya que los niños podrán adquirir capacidades y destrezas que le aseguren una adecuada calidad de vida para ellos y sus familias contribuyendo con la economía y el desarrollo de país

ABSTRACT This article analyzes some examples about how the Ministry of Health of Peru has used evidence for policy and program formulation, implementation and evaluation. It describes the process by which health budget programs are based and strengthened with scientific evidence. Provides an overview about how the development of clinical guidelines methodology is facilitating the generation of high quality evidence based clinical guidelines.It presents some examples of specific information needs of the Ministry of Health to which the Instituto Nacional de Salud has responded, and the impact of that collaboration. Finally, the article proposes future directions for the use of research methodology especially relevant for the development and evaluation of policy and programs, as well as the development of networks of health technology assessment at the national and international level.

RESUMEN En el presente artículo se analizan algunos ejemplos del uso de evidencia generada por el Instituto Nacional de Salud (INS) que el Ministerio de Salud del Perú ha realizado en los últimos años en la formulación, implementación y evaluación de las políticas y programas. Presenta el proceso por el cual los programas presupuestales se sustentan y fortalecen a partir de la evidencia. Describe el progreso en el desarrollo de una metodología para generar guías de calidad a partir de la mejor evidencia disponible para orientar la práctica clínica. Presenta algunos ejemplos de requerimientos de evidencia del Ministerio de Salud al Instituto Nacional de Salud y su impacto en política. Por último, propone direcciones futuras respecto a metodologías de investigación especialmente relevantes para el desarrollo y evaluación de políticas y el fortalecimiento de redes de evaluación de tecnologías en el ámbito nacional e internacional.

We report a case of a Peruvian patient diagnosed with bladder and retrovesical hydatidosis using Computed Tomography (CT), and the presence of Echinococcus granulosus was confirmed by an Immunoblot test. The patient underwent surgery for a multiple laparoscopic cystectomy, and some cysts were also found in the left hepatic lobe, as well as in the mesentery and the peritoneal wall. The patient received pre- and post-operative medical therapy with albendazole and he had been continuously controlled in the outpatient clinic

Se reporta el caso de un paciente peruano con diagnóstico de hidatidosis y vesical y retrovesical diagnosticado por Tomografía Axial Computarizada (TAC), confirmándose Equinococcus granulosus por Inmunoblot. Fue intervenido quirúrgicamente para una quistectomía laparoscópica múltiple, en la que se encuentran además quistes en lóbulo hepático izquierdo, mesenterio y pared peritoneal. Recibió tratamiento médico pre y post operatorio con albendazol y continuó con controles a través de consultorio externo

This article analyzes some examples about how the Ministry of Health of Peru has used evidence for policy and program formulation, implementation and evaluation. It describes the process by which health budget programs are based and strengthened with scientific evidence. Provides an overview about how the development of clinical guidelines methodology is facilitating the generation of high quality evidence based clinical guidelines.It presents some examples of specific information needs of the Ministry of Health to which the Instituto Nacional de Salud has responded, and the impact of that collaboration. Finally, the article proposes future directions for the use of research methodology especially relevant for the development and evaluation of policy and programs, as well as the development of networks of health technology assessment at the national and international level.

En el presente artículo se analizan algunos ejemplos del uso de evidencia generada por el Instituto Nacional de Salud (INS) que el Ministerio de Salud del Perú ha realizado en los últimos años en la formulación, implementación y evaluación de las políticas y programas. Presenta el proceso por el cual los programas presupuestales se sustentan y fortalecen a partir de la evidencia. Describe el progreso en el desarrollo de una metodología para generar guías de calidad a partir de la mejor evidencia disponible para orientar la práctica clínica. Presenta algunos ejemplos de requerimientos de evidencia del Ministerio de Salud al Instituto Nacional de Salud y su impacto en política. Por último, propone direcciones futuras respecto a metodologías de investigación especialmente relevantes para el desarrollo y evaluación de políticas y el fortalecimiento de redes de evaluación de tecnologías en el ámbito nacional e internacional.

ABSTRACT This article reviews public health interventions for preparedness and response to natural disasters within the context of El Niño phenomenon using systematic reviews and a review of revisions with emphasis on vector-borne diseases, water-borne diseases, malnutrition, heat stress, drought, flood-associated diseases, mental health problems, vulnerability of the physical health-system infrastructure, as well as long-term policies aimed at protecting the populations of these cases. Environmental interventions were identified, including vector control, chemoprophylaxis, immunization, and intradomiciliary water treatment. While these finds are based primarily on systematic reviews, it is necessary to evaluate the benefit of these interventions within the population, according to the context of each region.

RESUMEN El presente artículo realiza una revisión de las intervenciones en salud pública para la preparación y respuesta ante desastres naturales en el contexto del fenómeno El Niño (FEN) a partir de revisiones sistemáticas y una revisión de revisiones con énfasis en las enfermedades transmitidas por vectores, transmitidas por el agua, malnutrición, estrés térmico, sequías, enfermedades asociadas a inundaciones, problemas de salud mental, vulnerabilidad de la infraestructura física de los servicios de salud, así como de las políticas a largo plazo orientadas a proteger a la población en estos casos. Se identificaron intervenciones ambientales, como el control de vectores, quimioprofilaxis, vacunación y tratamiento intradomiciliario de agua. Si bien estos hallazgos se basan principalmente en revisiones sistemáticas, es necesario evaluar el beneficio de estas intervenciones en la población, de acuerdo con la realidad de cada región.

This article reviews public health interventions for preparedness and response to natural disasters within the context of El Niño phenomenon using systematic reviews and a review of revisions with emphasis on vector-borne diseases, water-borne diseases, malnutrition, heat stress, drought, flood-associated diseases, mental health problems, vulnerability of the physical health-system infrastructure, as well as long-term policies aimed at protecting the populations of these cases. Environmental interventions were identified, including vector control, chemoprophylaxis, immunization, and intradomiciliary water treatment. While these finds are based primarily on systematic reviews, it is necessary to evaluate the benefit of these interventions within the population, according to the context of each region.

El presente artículo realiza una revisión de las intervenciones en salud pública para la preparación y respuesta ante desastres naturales en el contexto del fenómeno El Niño (FEN) a partir de revisiones sistemáticas y una revisión de revisiones con énfasis en las enfermedades transmitidas por vectores, transmitidas por el agua, malnutrición, estrés térmico, sequías, enfermedades asociadas a inundaciones, problemas de salud mental, vulnerabilidad de la infraestructura física de los servicios de salud, así como de las políticas a largo plazo orientadas a proteger a la población en estos casos. Se identificaron intervenciones ambientales, como el control de vectores, quimioprofilaxis, vacunación y tratamiento intradomiciliario de agua. Si bien estos hallazgos se basan principalmente en revisiones sistemáticas, es necesario evaluar el beneficio de estas intervenciones en la población, de acuerdo con la realidad de cada región.

We aim to determine the prevalence of self prescribing behaviour during pregnancy and its characteristics. For this purpose, we designed a cross sectional study and interviewed 400 pregnant women who had their prenatal care at Instituto Nacional Materno Perinatal, Lima. We found that 10.5% of the patients (42 patients) had a self prescribing behavior during pregnancy, 64.5% think that self prescribing behavior can produce congenital malformations. The medications used were classified as type A and B according to the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Paracetamol was used more frequently (47.6%) followed by amoxicillin (16.7%). All the women who self-prescribed have had this behavior before pregnancy. According to these results, we conclude there is a low prevalence of self-prescribing behavior during pregnancy compared to the international literature.

Con el objetivo de determinar la prevalencia de automedicación en gestantes y sus características, se realizó un estudio descriptivo transversal. Se entrevistó a 400 gestantes que acudían a control prenatal en el Instituto Nacional Materno Perinatal de Lima. El 10,5% (42 pacientes) se automedicó durante la gestación, el 64,6% opinó que la automedicación puede producir malformaciones congénitas a sus bebes. Los medicamentos consumidos por las gestantes estuvieron en categoría A y B de la clasificación de la Administración de Alimentos y Drogas de EUA (FDA); principalmente, consumieron paracetamol (47,6%) y amoxicilina (16,7%). Todas las mujeres que se automedicaron durante la gestación lo habían hecho antes de estar embarazadas. De acuerdo con estos resultados concluimos que la prevalencia de automedicación en gestantes del estudio es baja, comparado con la literatura internacional.

We aim to determine the prevalence of self prescribing behaviour during pregnancy and its characteristics. For this purpose, we designed a cross sectional study and interviewed 400 pregnant women who had their prenatal care at Instituto Nacional Materno Perinatal, Lima. We found that 10.5% of the patients (42 patients) had a self prescribing behavior during pregnancy, 64.5% think that self prescribing behavior can produce congenital malformations. The medications used were classified as type A and B according to the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Paracetamol was used more frequently (47.6%) followed by amoxicillin (16.7%). All the women who self-prescribed have had this behavior before pregnancy. According to these results, we conclude there is a low prevalence of self-prescribing behavior during pregnancy compared to the international literature

Con el objetivo de determinar la prevalencia de automedicación en gestantes y sus características, se realizó un estudio descriptivo transversal. Se entrevistó a 400 gestantes que acudían a control prenatal en el Instituto Nacional Materno Perinatal de Lima. El 10,5% (42 pacientes) se automedicó durante la gestación, el 64,6% opinó que la automedicación puede producir malformaciones congénitas a sus bebes. Los medicamentos consumidos por las gestantes estuvieron en categoría A y B de la clasificación de la Administración de Alimentos y Drogas de EUA (FDA); principalmente, consumieron paracetamol (47,6%) y amoxicilina (16,7%). Todas las mujeres que se automedicaron durante la gestación lo habían hecho antes de estar embarazadas. De acuerdo con estos resultados concluimos que la prevalencia de automedicación en gestantes del estudio es baja, comparado con la literatura internacional

Em um hospital público em Lima, Peru, 24 pacientes com 16 tipos de dermatoses paraneoplásicas foram identificados por meio de coleta de dados. A dermatose mais frequente foi dermatomiosite (quatro pacientes). As outras dermatoses foram acantose maligna, queratodermia palmoplantar, dermatoses bolhosas, papulose linfomatóide, cicatriz edematosa, paniculite e vasculite, escabiose norueguesa, amiloidose sistêmica primária, eritema necrolítico migratório, dermatite infecciosa, paniculite pancreática, prurido generalizado, sinal de Leser-Trelat e ictiose adquirida. Grande parte dessas dermatoses foi diagnosticada antes (45,8%) ou no momento (38,5%) do diagnóstico do tumor subjacente. Os tumores malignos mais frequentes foram linfoma, adenocarcinomas do trato digestivo superior e neoplasias malignas do pâncreas. A idade média dos pacientes foi de 47.0 ± 16.9 anos e a duração da doença desde o diagnóstico foi de 13,7 meses. A taxa de mortalidade foi de 75%. Dermatoses paraneoplásicas são condições dermatológicas raras de difícil diagnóstico. O controle também é prejudicado quando pacientes não têm acesso fácil à centros de saúde por questões financeiras ou geográficas. No entanto, quando identificadas, elas podem facilitar o diagnóstico precoce de um tumor associado e contribuir para um aumento do controle dos pacientes.

In a public hospital in Lima, Peru, 24 patients with 16 types of paraneoplastic dermatoses were identified by data collection. The most frequent dermatosis was dermatomyositis (four patients). The other dermatoses were malignant acanthosis nigricans, palmoplantar keratoderma, bullous dermatoses, lymphomatoid papulosis, edematous scarring vasculitic panniculitis, Norwegian scabies, primary systemic amyloidosis, necrolytic migratory erythema, infective dermatitis, pancreatic panniculitis, generalized pruritus, Lesser-Trelat syndrome, and acquired ichthyosis. Most of these paraneoplastic dermatoses were diagnosed before (45.8%) or at the time of (38.5%) the diagnosis of the underlying malignancy. The most frequent underlying malignancies were lymphoma, adenocarcinomas of the upper digestive tract, and malignant neoplasms of the pancreas. The average age of the patients was 47.0 ± 16.9 years and the length of the disease since diagnosis was 13.7 months. The mortality rate was 75%. Paraneoplastic dermatoses are rare dermatologic entities that are difficult to diagnose. Surveillance is also hampered when patients do not have easy access to health care centers due to financial and geographical issues. However, when identified, they might facilitate the early diagnosis of an associated tumor and contribute to increase the surveillance of patients.

FUNDAMENTO: Associações significativas entre fatores climáticos e saúde humana têm sido descritas, inclusive na área de Dermatologia. OBJETIVO: Determinar a influência de fatores climáticos no tratamento de doenças dermatológicas em um hospital em Lima (Peru). PACIENTES E MÉTODOS: Estudo observacional realizado em um hospital em Lima entre janeiro de 2004 e dezembro de 2007. Os diagnósticos foram classificados de acordo com o sistema ICD-10. Informações climáticas foram fornecidas pela "National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration" (NOAA - USA). RESULTADOS: 3.294 pacientes participaram do estudo. A idade media foi 35.4 ± 20.7 anos e 53,2% eram mulheres. O fenômeno "El Niño" foi associado a um aumento da prevalência de queratose actínica (p=0,002), verrugas virais (p=0,001) e rosácea (p=0,014). O fenômeno "La Niña" foi associado a diminuição das verrugas virais (p=0,026). A primavera foi associada a um aumento de dermatite (p=0,003) e o verão, a um aumento de tumores benignos (p=0,049). CONCLUSÃO: Variações climáticas influenciam o aparecimento de algumas doenças dermatológicas. O presente trabalho pode orientar especialistas e clínicos gerais por meio da identificação dos diagnósticos dermatológicos mais comuns e, consequentemente, prepará-los para tratar doenças sazonais.

BACKGROUND: Significant associations have been described between climatic factors and human health, which can occur in dermatologic diseases too. OBJECTIVE: To determine the influence of the climatic factors on the medical attentions of dermatologic diseases in a general hospital in Lima (Peru). PATIENTS AND METHODS: Observational study which was carried out in a national hospital between January 2004 and December 2007. The diagnoses were classified according to the ICD-10 system. The climate information was provided by the National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration from USA(NOAA). RESULTS: 3 294 patients were included in the study, the average age was 35.4 ± 20.7 years old, and 53.2% were females. The "El Niño" phenomenon was associated with an increase in the prevalence of actinic keratosis (p=0.002), viral warts (p=0.001) and rosacea (p=0.014). The "La Niña" phenomenon was associated with a reduction in viral warts (p=0.026). Spring was associated with an increase of dermatitis (p=0.003), and summer was associated with an increase of benign neoplasms (p=0.049). CONCLUSION: The climatic variations influenced the occurrence of certain dermatologic diseases. The present study may represent an orientation guide to specialists and general practitioners identifying the most common dermatologic diagnoses and thus enabling better preparation to treat these cases in determined seasons of the year.